8.1 Risk and Hazard Assessment

Adobe Heights is located approximately three miles northwest of Elko. Adobe Heights is accessed via State Route 225. The community lies among gently rolling hills. The community hazard assessment resulted in classifying Adobe Heights in the High Hazard category (69 points). A summary of the factors that contributed to the hazard rating is included in Table 8-3. The high rating is primarily attributed to limited access, inadequate defensible space, the potential for hazardous fire behavior, the lack of fire protection resources, and the lack of water availability for fire suppression. The community boundary identified for this report is shown in Figure 8-1.

8.1.1 Community Design

The wildland-urban interface area around Adobe Heights is an intermix condition. Structures are scattered throughout the community and in wildland fuels, with no clear line of demarcation between structures and wildland fuels. All of the sixteen homes included in the assessment are on parcels larger than ten acres in size.

• Roads: State Route 225 is the primary transportation route to Adobe Heights from Elko. The road is between twenty and 24 feet wide, with a gradient steeper than five percent. There are several dead-end roads in the community with inadequate turnaround space for fire suppression equipment to maneuver.
• Signage: All of the street signs are visible, but only 63 percent of the homes have clearly visible address signage. Clear and visible signage is important to help emergency personnel in locating homes in limited visibility conditions during a wildfire.
• Utilities: All of the utilities are above ground. Power line corridors need proper maintenance to minimize wildfire damage to electric utilities and reduce the possibility that sparks could start a fire in adjacent vegetation.

8.1.2 Construction Materials

All of the homes observed in the interface area are built with non-combustible or highly fire resistant siding materials such as medium density fiberboard and roofing materials such as composition roofing, metal, or tile. Twenty-five percent of the homes have unenclosed porches, decks, or balconies that create drafts and provide areas where sparks and embers can lodge, smolder, ignite, and rapidly spread fire to the house.

8.1.3 Defensible Space

Sixty-three percent of the homes observed do not meet the minimum recommended defensible space requirement to help protect the home from damage or loss during a wildfire.

8.1.4 Suppression Capabilities

Wildfire Protection Resources

Adobe Heights has no organized fire department. Fire suppression resources are provided to Adobe Heights by the Elko Fire Department. Table 8-1 lists the types of wildfire resources and equipment available for initial response to Adobe Heights in the event of a reported wildfire. Additional resources are available from local, state, and federal agencies through mutual aid agreements as described in Section 4.1.1.

Table 8-1. Adobe Heights Wildfire Suppression Resources

Type of Equipment	Amount of Equipment	Cooperating Partner (Resource Location)
Type 1 Engine Type 3 Engine Type 4 Engine Water tender	1 2 1 1	Elko Fire Department Lee Company
Type 3 Helicopter Air Attack Platform	1 1	Bureau of Land Management (Elko Helibase)
Type 2 Engine Type 1 Water Tender	1 1	Nevada Division of Forestry (Elko)
Type 4 Engine	1	Bureau of Land Management (Elko)
Source: Sam Hicks, Nevada Division of Forestry Elko County Prevention Captain; Alan Kightlinger, Elko Fire Department Chief

Water Sources and Infrastructure

Private wells are the only water source available in Adobe Heights. There is no water designated for fire suppression.

8.1.5 Factors Affecting Fire Behavior

The terrain within the community boundary is gently rolling with slopes up to twenty percent and aspects in all directions. The prevailing wind direction is from the south and west. There is a history of afternoon thunderstorms and dry lightning strikes in the area.

The vegetative fuel density in the Adobe Heights interface area is low to moderate, with fuel loads estimated at one to three tons per acre. Fuels in the community consist primarily of cheatgrass, squirreltail, basin wildrye, sagebrush, and rabbitbrush. Burned areas from 1983 and 2002 have less sagebrush cover and more cheatgrass than non-burned areas and were considered a lower fuel hazard at the time of this assessment. However, cheatgrass growth is dependent on annual moisture and will produce increased fuel volumes and elevate fuel hazard conditions in years of higher than average precipitation.

8.1.6 Fire Behavior Worst Case Scenario

The worst-case scenario for a wildfire in the area surrounding Adobe Heights would start along the road near Adobe Heights and State Route 225 with strong wind blowing greater than twenty miles per hour from the south/southwest. An ignition in the fine grass fuels and brush on the south facing aspect would rapidly spread north into homes and could block any means of access into or out of the community.

8.1.7 Ignition Risk Assessment

Adobe Heights has a moderate to high ignition risk based on fire history and dry lightning from thunderstorms in the area. The primary risk of ignition in Adobe Heights is lightning, although many human-caused fires have occurred and ignitions are unpredictable and can occur at any time.

8.2 Risk and Hazard Reduction Recommendations

The responsibility to keep a community fire safe falls not only on the local fire protection district but also on the residents and local governments. The recommendations for Adobe Heights focus primarily on the ongoing and additional efforts to create and maintain defensible space, and on future requirements that new developments will be planned and constructed in a fire safe manner. Other recommendations pertain to community coordination and public education efforts that could be undertaken to enhance fire safety.

8.2.1 Defensible Space Treatments

Defensible space treatments are an essential first line of defense for residential structures. The goal of the treatments is to significantly reduce or remove flammable vegetation within a prescribed distance from structures. (Refer to Appendix E for the minimum recommended defensible space area). Defensible space reduces the fire intensity and improves firefighter and homeowner chances for successfully defending a structure against oncoming wildfire.

Property Owners Recommendations

• Remove, reduce, and replace vegetation around homes according to the guidelines in Appendix E. This area should be kept:
  • Lean: There are only small amounts of flammable vegetation.
  • Clean: There is no accumulation of dead vegetation or other flammable debris.
  • Green: Existing plants are healthy and green during the fire season.
• Store woodpiles a minimum distance of thirty feet from any structure.
• Remove all dead vegetation and other flammable materials a minimum of five feet from the exterior of the structure.
• Mow or remove brush growing against fences in the community. The minimum distance for clearance should be ten feet in grass and 25 feet in brush.
• Maintain areas under wood decks and porches free of weeds and other flammable debris. Enclose these areas when possible. Box in eves and cover attic and other ventilation openings with very fine metal wire mesh to prevent embers from entering the attic or crawl space.
• Clear all vegetation and combustible materials around propane tanks for a minimum distance of ten feet.
• Clear weeds and brush to a width of ten feet along both sides of the driveways.
• Where cheatgrass has become dominant within the defensible space zone, areas should be mowed prior to seed maturity or treated with an application of a pre-emergent herbicide.^[4] Treatments may need to be repeated for several years to ensure that the seed bank of unwanted annual grass seeds has been depleted. Refer to Appendix E for a recommended seed mixture and planting guidelines that can be used in conjunction with cheatgrass removal.
• Install spark arrestors on chimneys.
• Prune all tree branches to a minimum distance of fifteen feet from buildings, paying special attention around chimneys.
• Mow grass within the defensible space zone to maintain a maximum height of four inches.
• Immediately dispose of cleared vegetation when implementing defensible space treatments. This material dries quickly and poses a fire hazard if left on site.
• Where possible, irrigate all trees and large shrubs that remain in close proximity to structures to increase their fire resiliency. This is especially important during drought conditions.
• Maintain the defensible space as needed.

8.2.2 Fuel Reduction Treatments

Fuel reduction treatments are applied on a larger scale than defensible space treatments. Permanently changing the fuel characteristics over large blocks of land to one of a lower volume and one of altered distribution reduces the risk of a catastrophic wildfire in the treated area. Reducing vegetation along roadways and driveways could reduce the likelihood of blocking access and escape routes, help contain the fire perimeter, and improve firefighter access and safety for protecting homes.

Utility Company

• Reduce and remove vegetation to maintain clearance around power lines. Clear vegetation within fifteen feet of utility poles near the community.

Elko County Roads Department and Nevada Department of Transportation

• Reduce vegetation and maintain roads by mowing all vegetation to a height of no more than four inches for a distance of twenty feet from the edge of the road on both sides of the road. Remove and dispose of biomass at an appropriate site. Reseed treated areas with fire resistant species such as recommended in Appendix E to minimize cheatgrass and noxious weed invasion.

8.2.3 Fire Suppression Resources

Nevada Division of Forestry

• Install a minimum capacity 10,000-gallon water tank in the community for fire suppression.
• Continue to meet annually with the cooperating fire agencies to discuss pre-attack plans for the community.

8.2.4 Community Coordination

Property Owners

• Ensure residential addresses are easily visible from the road. Address characters should be at least four inches tall and reflective on a dark background. Improving visibility of addresses will make it easier for those unfamiliar with the area to navigate under smoky conditions caused by a wildland fire.
• Form a local community-based organization to take responsibility and provide leadership for community-wide fuels reduction and community fire safety. The Nevada Fire Safe Council is one option for community organization. Through the establishment of a local Nevada Fire Safe Council Chapter, local communities will become part of a large network for sharing information, including notification of programs and funding opportunities for fire mitigation projects such as those listed in this report. The Nevada Fire Safe Council will accept and manage grants and contracts on the Chapter’s behalf through its non-profit status. The Nevada Fire Safe Council will provide assistance and support to communities to complete fire safe plans, set priorities, educate and train community members, and promote success stories of its members. To form a local chapter or for more information contact the:

  Nevada Fire Safe Council
  210 South Roop Street Suite 101
  Carson City, NV 89701
  www.nvfsc.org

Elko County

• Promote cooperation between the Assessor’s Office and the Roads Department to ensure that all new development roads are named, mapped, signed, and identified with GPS locations.
• Continue to require all future development in the County to meet the National Fire Codes with regard to community design, building construction and spacing, road construction and design, water supply and emergency access. Refer to Appendix F for an example of fire safe recommendations for planning new developments.

8.3 Summary of Recommendations

Table 8-2. Adobe Heights Risk and Hazard Reduction Priority Recommendations

Involved Party	Recommended Treatment	Recommendation Description
Property Owners	Defensible Space	Remove, reduce, and replace vegetation around homes according to the guidelines in Appendix E. Maintain the defensible space area annually.
	Community Coordination	Ensure residential addresses are easily visible from the road. Form a local community-based organization to provide leadership and be responsible for community-wide fuels reduction and community fire safety.
Utility Company	Fuels Reduction	Reduce and remove vegetation to maintain clearance around power lines. Clear vegetation within fifteen feet of utility poles near the community.
Elko County Nevada Department of Transportation	Fuels Reduction	Reduce vegetation and maintain roads by mowing all vegetation to a height of no more than four inches for a distance of twenty feet from the edge of the road on both sides of the road. Remove and dispose of it at an appropriate site.
Elko County	Community Coordination	Promote cooperation between the Assessor’s Office and the Roads Department to ensure that all new development roads are named, mapped, signed, and identified with GPS locations. Continue to require all future development in the County to meet the National Fire Codes with regard to community design, building construction and spacing, road construction and design, water supply and emergency access. Refer to Appendix F for an example of fire safe recommendations for planning new developments.
Nevada Division of Forestry	Fire Suppression Resources	Install a minimum capacity 10,000-gallon water tank in the community for fire suppression. Continue to meet annually with the cooperating agencies to discuss pre-attack plans for the community.

Table 8-3 Adobe Heights Wildfire Hazard Rating Summary

Figure 8-1 Adobe Heights Fire History small | large | x-large
Figure 8-2 Adobe Heights Classification of Fuel Hazard small | large | x-large